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- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ObsidianObsidianObsidian () is a naturally occurring volcanic glass formed when lava extruded from a volcano cools rapidly with minimal crystal growth. It is an igneous rock.Obsidian is produced from felsic lava, rich in the lighter elements such as silicon, oxygen, aluminium, sodium, and potassium. It is commonly found within the margins of rhyolitic lava flows known as obsidian flows. These flows have a high content of silica, granting them a high viscosity. The high viscosity inhibits diffusion of atoms through the lava, which inhibits the first step (nucleation) in the formation of mineral crystals. Together with rapid cooling, this results in a natural glass forming from the lava.Obsidian is hard, brittle, and amorphous; it therefore fractures with sharp edges. In the past, it was used to manufacture cutting and piercing tools, and it has been used experimentally as surgical scalpel blades. Origin and properties The Natural History by the Roman writer Pliny the Elder includes a few sentences about a volcanic glass called obsidian (lapis obsidianus), discovered in Ethiopia by Obsidius...EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG0 Tags 0 Shares
- #Science_News #Science #Cython #Programming_Language
Cython is a programming language, a (non-strict, at least for Python 3) superset of the Python programming language (with slightly different semantics), designed to give C-like performance with code that is written mostly in Python with optional additional C-inspired syntax.
Cython is a compiled language that is typically used to generate CPython extension modules. Annotated Python-like code is compiled to C (also usable from e.g. C++) then automatically wrapped in interface code, producing extension modules that can be loaded and used by regular Python code using the import statement, but with significantly less computational overhead at run time. Cython also facilitates wrapping independent C or C++ code into python-importable modules.
Cython is written in Python and C and works on Windows, macOS, and Linux, producing C source files compatible with CPython 2.6, 2.7, and 3.3 and later versions. The Cython source code that Cython compiles (to C) can use both Python 2 and Python 3 syntax, defaulting to Python 2 syntax in Cython 0.x (and Python 3 syntax in Cython 3.x, which is currently alpha software). The default can be overridden (e.g. in source code comment) to Python 3 (or 2) syntax. Since Python 3 syntax has changed in recent versions, Cython may not be up to date with latest addition. Cython has "native support for most of the C++ language" and "compiles almost all existing Python code".
Cython 3.0.0 is in development.
Design :
Cython works by producing a standard Python module. However, the behavior differs from standard Python in that the module code, originally written in Python, is translated into C. While the resulting code is fast, it makes many calls into the CPython interpreter and CPython standard libraries to perform actual work. Choosing this arrangement saved considerably on Cython's development time, but modules have a dependency on the Python interpreter and standard library.
Although most of the code is C-based, a small stub loader written in interpreted Python is usually required (unless the goal is to create a loader written entirely in C, which may involve work with the undocumented internals of CPython). However, this is not a major problem due to the presence of the Python interpreter.
Cython has a foreign function interface for invoking C/C++ routines and the ability to declare the static type of subroutine parameters and results, local variables, and class attributes.
A Cython program that implements the same algorithm as a corresponding Python program may consume fewer computing resources such as core memory and processing cycles due to differences between the CPython and Cython execution models. A basic Python program is loaded and executed by the CPython virtual machine, so both the runtime and the program itself consume computing resources. A Cython program is compiled to C code, which is further compiled to machine code, so the virtual machine is used only briefly when the program is loaded.
#Science_News #Science #Cython #Programming_Language Cython is a programming language, a (non-strict, at least for Python 3) superset of the Python programming language (with slightly different semantics), designed to give C-like performance with code that is written mostly in Python with optional additional C-inspired syntax. Cython is a compiled language that is typically used to generate CPython extension modules. Annotated Python-like code is compiled to C (also usable from e.g. C++) then automatically wrapped in interface code, producing extension modules that can be loaded and used by regular Python code using the import statement, but with significantly less computational overhead at run time. Cython also facilitates wrapping independent C or C++ code into python-importable modules. Cython is written in Python and C and works on Windows, macOS, and Linux, producing C source files compatible with CPython 2.6, 2.7, and 3.3 and later versions. The Cython source code that Cython compiles (to C) can use both Python 2 and Python 3 syntax, defaulting to Python 2 syntax in Cython 0.x (and Python 3 syntax in Cython 3.x, which is currently alpha software). The default can be overridden (e.g. in source code comment) to Python 3 (or 2) syntax. Since Python 3 syntax has changed in recent versions, Cython may not be up to date with latest addition. Cython has "native support for most of the C++ language" and "compiles almost all existing Python code". Cython 3.0.0 is in development. Design : Cython works by producing a standard Python module. However, the behavior differs from standard Python in that the module code, originally written in Python, is translated into C. While the resulting code is fast, it makes many calls into the CPython interpreter and CPython standard libraries to perform actual work. Choosing this arrangement saved considerably on Cython's development time, but modules have a dependency on the Python interpreter and standard library. Although most of the code is C-based, a small stub loader written in interpreted Python is usually required (unless the goal is to create a loader written entirely in C, which may involve work with the undocumented internals of CPython). However, this is not a major problem due to the presence of the Python interpreter. Cython has a foreign function interface for invoking C/C++ routines and the ability to declare the static type of subroutine parameters and results, local variables, and class attributes. A Cython program that implements the same algorithm as a corresponding Python program may consume fewer computing resources such as core memory and processing cycles due to differences between the CPython and Cython execution models. A basic Python program is loaded and executed by the CPython virtual machine, so both the runtime and the program itself consume computing resources. A Cython program is compiled to C code, which is further compiled to machine code, so the virtual machine is used only briefly when the program is loaded.0 Tags 0 Shares - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CythonCythonCython () is a programming language, a (non-strict, at least for Python 3) superset of the Python programming language (with slightly different semantics), designed to give C-like performance with code that is written mostly in Python with optional additional C-inspired syntax.Cython is a compiled language that is typically used to generate CPython extension modules. Annotated Python-like code is compiled to C (also usable from e.g. C++) then automatically wrapped in interface code, producing extension modules that can be loaded and used by regular Python code using the import statement, but with significantly less computational overhead at run time. Cython also facilitates wrapping independent C or C++ code into python-importable modules. Cython is written in Python and C and works on Windows, macOS, and Linux, producing C source files compatible with CPython 2.6, 2.7, and 3.3 and later versions. The Cython source code that Cython compiles (to C) can use both Python 2 and Python 3 syntax, defaulting to Python 2 syntax in Cython 0.x (and Python 3 syntax in Cython 3.x, which is currently alpha software). The default...EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG0 Tags 0 Shares
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CythonCythonCython () is a programming language, a (non-strict, at least for Python 3) superset of the Python programming language (with slightly different semantics), designed to give C-like performance with code that is written mostly in Python with optional additional C-inspired syntax.Cython is a compiled language that is typically used to generate CPython extension modules. Annotated Python-like code is compiled to C (also usable from e.g. C++) then automatically wrapped in interface code, producing extension modules that can be loaded and used by regular Python code using the import statement, but with significantly less computational overhead at run time. Cython also facilitates wrapping independent C or C++ code into python-importable modules. Cython is written in Python and C and works on Windows, macOS, and Linux, producing C source files compatible with CPython 2.6, 2.7, and 3.3 and later versions. The Cython source code that Cython compiles (to C) can use both Python 2 and Python 3 syntax, defaulting to Python 2 syntax in Cython 0.x (and Python 3 syntax in Cython 3.x, which is currently alpha software). The default...EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG0 Tags 0 Shares
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CythonCythonCython () is a programming language, a (non-strict, at least for Python 3) superset of the Python programming language (with slightly different semantics), designed to give C-like performance with code that is written mostly in Python with optional additional C-inspired syntax.Cython is a compiled language that is typically used to generate CPython extension modules. Annotated Python-like code is compiled to C (also usable from e.g. C++) then automatically wrapped in interface code, producing extension modules that can be loaded and used by regular Python code using the import statement, but with significantly less computational overhead at run time. Cython also facilitates wrapping independent C or C++ code into python-importable modules. Cython is written in Python and C and works on Windows, macOS, and Linux, producing C source files compatible with CPython 2.6, 2.7, and 3.3 and later versions. The Cython source code that Cython compiles (to C) can use both Python 2 and Python 3 syntax, defaulting to Python 2 syntax in Cython 0.x (and Python 3 syntax in Cython 3.x, which is currently alpha software). The default...EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG0 Tags 0 Shares
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CythonCythonCython () is a programming language, a (non-strict, at least for Python 3) superset of the Python programming language (with slightly different semantics), designed to give C-like performance with code that is written mostly in Python with optional additional C-inspired syntax.Cython is a compiled language that is typically used to generate CPython extension modules. Annotated Python-like code is compiled to C (also usable from e.g. C++) then automatically wrapped in interface code, producing extension modules that can be loaded and used by regular Python code using the import statement, but with significantly less computational overhead at run time. Cython also facilitates wrapping independent C or C++ code into python-importable modules. Cython is written in Python and C and works on Windows, macOS, and Linux, producing C source files compatible with CPython 2.6, 2.7, and 3.3 and later versions. The Cython source code that Cython compiles (to C) can use both Python 2 and Python 3 syntax, defaulting to Python 2 syntax in Cython 0.x (and Python 3 syntax in Cython 3.x, which is currently alpha software). The default...EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG0 Tags 0 Shares
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- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_bomberTorpedo bomberA torpedo bomber is a military aircraft designed primarily to attack ships with aerial torpedoes. Torpedo bombers came into existence just before the First World War almost as soon as aircraft were built that were capable of carrying the weight of a torpedo, and remained an important aircraft type until they were rendered obsolete by anti-ship missiles. They were an important element in many famous Second World War battles, notably the British attack at Taranto, the sinking of the German battleship Bismarck, and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Types Torpedo bombers first appeared immediately prior to the First World War. Generally, they carried torpedoes specifically designed for air launch, which were smaller and lighter than those used by submarines and surface warships. Nonetheless, as an airborne torpedo could weigh as much as 2,000 pounds (910 kg), more than twice the bomb load of contemporary single-engined bombers, the aircraft carrying it usually needed to be specially designed for the purpose. Many early torpedo bombers were floatplanes, such as the Short 184 (the first aircraft to sink a ship with a torpedo...EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG0 Tags 0 Shares